Tips For Finding Out Special Education Essay Topics

Tips For Finding Out Special Education Essay TopicsSpecial education essay topics can range from broad topics like personal preferences, tastes and habits, career paths, hobbies, life goals, and so on. A more specific topic might be about a particular event or a particularly popular actor, musician, or movie star. In all cases, when an educator starts out with an essay, she will need to put her own experiences into context.There are several options when it comes to essay topics. In the broadest sense, the first thing that an educator can do is make use of the old standby: personal essays. These do not need to be written by a consultant, professional educator, or teacher but by a student who is a strong contributor to their courses, especially if they are taking more advanced classes.When writing essays for a class, you have to consider how you are writing. If you are self-motivated, you might be more interested in using short passages of actual things that have actually happened to y ou. Of course, this does not mean that you can't present anything that is happening, but it could be that you would only use a portion of the full story and that you would refer to your own observations to add some understanding.For the most part, essays are geared toward college courses. This is due to the fact that the student is mostly writing from their own perspective. This means that you might find it more interesting to write for a class where you have the opportunity to apply your own experiences and anecdotes to the course material.If you are good at reflecting your own experience, you could consider combining a personal topic with a more general one. This will allow you to take in some knowledge about the subject and reflect back on the subject itself. This will make it easier for you to relate to the content because you will have the background that you can draw upon.When choosing special education essay topics, you have to think about what is going to work best for your personal interests. However, if you are writing to serve as a reference in a college course, you might want to base the essay on a specific topic. For example, if you are studying carpentry, you might use the carpentry term when presenting your essay.You should always think about the teacher and also the tone of the essay topics that you are creating. If you are writing a college essay, you might need to focus on certain points about the profession or subject to make sure that the essay would be relevant to the college course. In fact, if you are going to use a secondary topic, you might want to decide on what kind of or what area of the course is relevant to the subject.

Annotated Bibliography On Juvenile Offenders - 950 Words

Annotated Bibliography 1. JUVENILE TRANSFER TO ADULT COURTS A Look at the Prototypes for Dangerousness, Sophistication-Maturity, and Amenability to Treatment Through A Legal Lens http://psycnet.apa.org.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/journals/law/8/4/373.html In transferring, a juvenile to adult court there is a certain amount of criteria that needs to be followed. The first criteria is if the juvenile is dangerous to the community, the maturity of the offender, and the psychology findings of the offender, it helps to determine if the juvenile is qualified to be transferred to adult court. This information is to happen in the intake process upon the processing of the offender into custody. There were two different types of questionnaires that were sent out to the juvenile court judges. With doing a survey with juvenile court judges around the nation, only 44% responded back on what the criteria to transfer the offender to adult court. These surveys made the criteria form a standard that every juvenile judge follows in determining a transfer to adult court. 2. Tried as an Adult, Housed as a Juvenile: A Tale of Youth From Two Courts Incarcerated Together http://psycnet.apa.org.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/journals/lhb/38/2/126.html In California a decision is made if a juvenile is to be transferred to adult court at the age of 14 if the juvenile is a repeat offender or commits a heinous crime (e.g. murder, rape, or aggravated assault) and at the age of 16 for any crime that isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Recidivism: Prison and Correctional Education1812 Words   |  8 Pagesthe ex-offender populations in this country. RESEARCH PROPOSAL TOPIC: WHY IS THERE SUCH A HIGH RATE OF RECIDIVISM AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS? TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION II. PROBLEM STATEMENT III. PURPOSE OF STUDY IV. RESEARCH QUESTIONS V. LIMITATIONS OF STUDY VI. DEFINITION OF TERMS VII. RESEARCH METHODS VIII. LITERATURE REVIEW IX. LITERATURE SUMMARY X. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY XI. EXPECTED OUTCOME INTRODUCTION Recidivism is the term used to describe ex-offenders who returnRead MoreInvestigation Of Criminal Justice And Corrections1539 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch criminal justice for days as there are so many articles that range from juvenile criminal justice to the flaws that the criminal justice system has. While doing research for this paper I used the university library to search for articles about my career field of criminal justice. There were numerous articles to choose from but I was able to narrow it down to ten articles that were needed for my annotated bibliography. While researching articles, I was able to look at peer reviewed articlesRead MoreIs the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent?1677 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent? Annotated Bibliography PS 223 Forensic Psychology I Research Question: Is the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent? Honeyman, J. C., Ogloff, J. P. (1996). Capital punishment: Arguments for life and death. Canadian Journal Of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 28(1), 27-35. The main purpose of this article was to investigate the effects of the death penalty and theRead MoreEssay about Juveniles Must Accept Responsibility2061 Words   |  9 PagesJuveniles Must Accept Responsibility Are juveniles as under control today as they were in the past? Crime plays a major role in today’s society. The government follows the policy and has always followed the policy that no crime goes unpunished. The controversy that surrounds the United States courtrooms today is whether or not a minor needs to stand trial as an adult for committing a serious offense. These decisions made by the judge or jury in the preliminary hearing affect the rest of theRead MoreThe Role of the Death Penalty on Preventing Future Crime Essay8133 Words   |  33 PagesDoes the death penalty prevent future crime? We are scared. Surveys find that the fear of crime is high and perhaps rising. So the question of prevention is important. General deterrence is the idea that punishing an offender deters others from committing similar crimes. But does the threat of the death penalty actually discourage others from killing and thus make us safer? If so, does it do so significantly better than other forms of punishment? Dozens of studies have examined theRead MoreHunyango Sa Bato - Abdon Balde Jr.6135 Words   |  25 PagesPsychological Psychological theories focus on personality traits and mental characteristics of the offender. Personality traits include sudden bursts of  anger, poor  impulse control, and poor  self-esteem. Various theories suggest that psychopathology and other personality disorders are factors, and that abuse experienced as a child leads some people to be more violent as adults. Correlation has been found between juvenile delinquency and domestic violence in adulthood.[74]  Studies have found high incidence of  psychopathy  amongRead MoreRace And Crime Of The Criminal Justice System6937 Words   |  28 Pagescontributed to the high crime rates in the African American communities. â€Å"The Chicago School research of Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay spearheaded the community-level approach of modern American studies of ecology and crime. In their classic work, Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas, Shaw and McKay (1942) argued that three structural factors – low economic status , ethnic heterogeneity, and residential mobility – led the disruption of local community social organizations, which in turn accounted for

Fracking How Fracking Effects People - 1222 Words

Jingjing Zhang Prof. Robbins ENGL 1312 5 March 2015 How fracking effects people Hydraulic fracturing began in 1947 and still happening until now. People have used fracking to produce more than one million oil and natural gas wells since 1947. Currently fracking accounts for 50% of locally produced natural gas and 33% of local petroleum† (Engelder 274). It proved that fracking is valuable because people can get too much natural gas and petroleum from fracking. There are 2.5 million frac jobs that had been performed on oil and gas wells around the world and more than one million of those are in the United Stated. Oil shale resources are abundant in United States, such as in†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"DEC s own review identified dozens of potential significant adverse impacts of (fracking)† (Krisberg 18). There are some potential impacts in the fracking process, it will bring a lot of health risks to people. The major constituents of produced water are salt content, oil and grease, various inorganic and organic chemicals, and naturally occurring radioactive material. Salt content in produced water makes the freshwater to salt levels up higher than seawater. Oil and grease makes freshwater is getting oily. Various inorganic and organic chemicals are found naturally in the formation or are chemical additives used during drilling and operation of the well, such as benzene and methane. â€Å"Many of the fracking additives are toxic, carcinogenic or mutagenic† (Howarth, Ingraffea 272). This quote tells us that why fracking is contaminating the drinking water. Benzene are one major concern. â€Å"The state of Texas reports benzene concentrations in air in the Barnett shale area that sometimes exceed acute toxicity standards† (Howarth, Ingraffea 273). It shows benzene makes drinking water is getting contaminated. â€Å"Methane contamination of drinking water reservoirs has been documented in fracking-rich areas of the US. Leading to dramatic videos of seemingly ignitable t ap water† (Benusic, 238). This quote tells us that the drinking water is getting contaminated by Methane is proved already. Radioactive material inShow MoreRelatedFracking is considered one of the most controversial methods of obtaining Earth’s natural gases. It900 Words   |  4 PagesFracking is considered one of the most controversial methods of obtaining Earth’s natural gases. It is also known as hydraulic fracturing, which is drilling and introducing fluid (mostly water) into the ground to get certain rocks to produce natural gases. Fracking could cause devastating effects to the environment. According to the article â€Å"Hydraulic Fracturing 101† on the web-site earthworks.com, fracking can not only use up a lot of water, but it can also contaminate groundwater. Two to ten millionRead MoreA Brief Note On The Impact Of Fracking1657 Words   |  7 PagesKyle Quintana Candace Craig English 121 6 May 2015 The Impact of Fracking When it comes to vast amounts of energy sources, natural gas in America is not something most people believe is plentiful. As resources are used up it then becomes time to look for a new supply elsewhere. America has always been dependent on foreign trade, including fuels, which in turn leaves us vulnerable to steep prices. Natural gas is one very important fossil fuel and from its various uses, its numbers have continuedRead MoreFracking and the Halliburton Act Essay1132 Words   |  5 Pagespressure to create fractures in rock that allow the oil and natural gas it contains to escape and flow out of a well (Energy From Shale).† Fracking has served to extract natural gas and oil where other methods would not be as successful but many environmentalists argue that fracking is affecting the environment and our drinking supply of water. Although fracking is still a controversial topic, it provides Americans jobs, increases the economy of the region, and the natural gas and oil are cleaner andRead MoreFracking : Fracking And Fracking851 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Fracking? When you look at the title of this paper you ask yourself, what is fracking, and you probably try to learn the definition so that you’ll actually understand what I am writing about. However, I am going to tell you what fracking is. What is fracking? Fracking is the injection of fluid into the ground in order to get natural fossil fuels to come to the surface, in order to use them for gas and other things (Fracking). How does fracking work? Water and sand are pushed into the groundRead MoreThe Need, Risks And Impacts1396 Words   |  6 PagesFRACKING-â€Å"The Need, Risks and Impacts† Hydraulic Fracking, which is the extraction of natural gas which was earlier protected, has become a major problem today. It is an environmental as well as a health hazard. The large firms which are linked to fracking have tried to justify fracking by citing that the benefits of it outweigh the harm that it might potentially cause. But before buying that argument, it is important for us to understand if the idea of fracking is really good for a long term scenarioRead MoreThe Economic Report On Fracking, Is It Worth It?1465 Words   |  6 PagesWeekly Economic Report Fracking, is it Worth it? Ron Withall Business 630, Dr. Lynn Reaser SUBJECT Our dependence on foreign oil and natural gas has created a vulnerability affecting our national security and economic stability. Up until this past decade there was an appreciable decline in our oil and natural gas production in the US and we were tied to world market price fluctuations. Oil prices and natural gas prices rose and fell based on OPEC’s and other large oil and natural gas producers’Read MoreHydraulic Fracturing : Good Or Bad?1401 Words   |  6 Pagesawful domino effect? The action that caused all of this harmful damage was hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking. A gas company drilled five wells near French’s land, two of the gas wells were less than 4,000 feet away for her farmland. Chemicals from the wells leaked into French’s water system and caused all of those awful effects on the cows, French and her family, as well as her neighbors. Due to the detrimental impacts that fracking causes on humans and the environment, fracking sho uld beRead MoreRhetorical Situations And Their Constituents Essay1588 Words   |  7 Pagesthe news use rhetorical situations to have an effect on their audience to do something about the issue. Politics, for example, uses rhetoric to persuade the audience to take the side of an individual candidate or even battling companies will use rhetoric in articles about their products so that the public will choose them over a different company. Rhetoric can be found all over the news and while doing research I came upon the article â€Å"Are We Fracking Away our Health?† To analyze the rhetoric of thisRead MoreFracking : Fracking And Its Effects On The Environment1286 Words   |  6 Pagesfracturing, commonly referred to as fracking, is a widespread practice in the United States. Fracking is a method used to extract oil and natural gas. Scientists and citizens report detrimental side effects of hydraulic drilling. New York and Vermont have banned fracking statewide. Maryland has se t a two year moratorium on fracking, so that more research can be done to show the impacts of fracking on the environment. Nationwide, many other cities and counties have banned fracking as well. All states shouldRead MoreFracking : The Gas Boom1352 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic fracturing, which is more commonly known as â€Å"fracking†, is a term that many people may have heard about, but actually have very little knowledge on. Fracking is a topic that is highly controversial between people who work in the industry, scientists, and environmental professionals. Fracking has been around for a long time, but it’s only been in the past thirty years that it’s really taken off in what is known as the shale gas boom. As our sources of energy dwindle down it becomes important

Imperialism in Europe - 626 Words

During the nineteenth century, imperialism developed and shaped the country of Europe. Europe’s global expansion begun in the fifteenth century, but the it grew rapidly suddenly in the nineteenth century due to industrialization, creating an exceptionally powerful country. Imperialism is when a country extends their power into another country or state for it’s resources. Europe expansion mostly took place in Africa. In 1880, Europe ruled about 10% of Africa, but in 1914 they ruled all of Africa expect Libya. Africa had declining empires, and local wars and slavery had left the continent weakened, making it easy for Europe to take over. Some of the causes for Imperialism were due to economic, political and military, society, and science and invention reasons. When Imperialism occurs, adoption and adaptation also occurs. The idea of the more powerful country is adopted, but during the process it is also changed. This is seen in Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell, A Me eting in the Dark by Ngugi wa thiongo, and Water, directed by Deepa Mehta. Imperialism impacted the characters in the story, and changed their lifestyle. In Shooting an Elephant, George Orwell had to kill an elephant that was on the loose, destroying the village and huts. The villagers called for his help, hoping that he would stop the elephant from causing any more destruction. However, George realized that they wanted him to kill it. He had a tough decision to make. He didn’t want to shoot the elephantShow MoreRelatedColonialism And Imperialism In Europe1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe industrialization and the great technological development of Europe, especially at the time of the second industrial revolution, the generation of the world in two large groups: the industrialized countries and the non-industrialized industrialists. The former ended up imposing themselves on the latter, who remained under their direct or indirect dependence. Industrial Europe, thanks to its de mographic vitality, its industrial, technical, commercial and financial superiority imposed its economicRead MoreEssay on Imperialism: From Europe to The West1514 Words   |  7 PagesEarly in the twentieth century, imperialism was brought up by European powers of the time; Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia. These nations were after raw materials in Asia, Africa, and South America and when they realize that they could not retrieve it, they began to colonize smaller counties that contain the many resources they need and used it for their benefit. Western values played a big part in European imperialism. European civilization experienced a period of extraordinary rapidRead MoreEcological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe Essay846 Words   |  4 PagesEcological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900, by ecological historian Alfred W. Crosby explores how â€Å"portmanteau biota†, helped Europeans to eradicate whole societies in the Neo -Europes (xv, 89). Crosby believes that temperate zones, climates similar to that of Europe, allowed European biota to thrive, which allowed for European expansion. Crosby discusses the Norse invasions and the Crusades as examples of how Europeans were not able to expand. Crosby claims that climateRead MoreEuropean Imperialism - Dbq Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesthe history of the world, imperialism has played a major role. Imperialism is one country’s complete domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country. Imperialism has many positive and negative effects. The Age of Imperialism is considered 1800 - 1914. During this time Europe became a major world leader. European countries set up colonies all over Africa, Latin America, and Asia, and encouraged their citizens to populate them. European imperialism boosted Europe’s economyRead MoreEuropean Imperialism in Africa Essays1457 Words   |  6 PagesImperialism By the late 19th and early 20th century, Europe was expanding its borders. In an attempt to grow its economy and culture, Europe’s superpowers began to search for new soil. Africa was an easy target; it wasn’t politically secure and it wasn’t modernized. In addition, it had reliable soil which would enable Europe to produce cash crops. European nations began to pour into Africa, called the Scramble for Africa. Soon, Europe took control of Africa, taking raw materials and destroyed AfricanRead MoreNegative Effects Of Imperialism850 Words   |  4 Pages Imperialism is defined as the policy when a powerful nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially. Imperialism was mostly devised because of the nationalistic feelings that the industrial revolution produced. In my opinion, imperialism has had both good and harmful effects on the world. In some ways, it has brought modernization to countries that were stuck in their old ways. In some cases, I believe it would have been better to leave these countries alone, butRead More The Compelling Motives of European Imperialism Essay794 Words   |  4 PagesThe Compelling Motives of Imperialism The presence of Europe in Africa in the late nineteenth century was one of extreme power. The countries of France, Britain, and Germany had especially large claims to the African continent during this time. The motives of imperialism for these countries greatly define Europe at this time. Insatiable desires for economic markets, power and political struggles, the motivating belief in Social Darwinism, and the European idea of superiority were the drivingRead MoreImperialism Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesImperialism could be considered as a defining characteristic of America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Imperialism is defined as â€Å"a policy of extending a countrys power and influence through diplomacy or military force† (Imperialism and Immigration). When it comes to imperialism in America, I must say that other factors were more influential than social Darwinism. Although I do agree to a certain extent that social Darwinism did play a big role, things such as expansionist objectivesRead MoreCauses Of Imperialism1107 Words   |  5 PagesImperialism Essay Growing up, many children play the board game â€Å"Battleship,† where a player’s main goal is to conquer his opponent’s ships and, eventually, land. Similarly, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the nation of Europe and other countries took over and influenced countries that they believed were inferior to them. This process, known as imperialism, is defined as â€Å"a policy of extending a countrys power and influence through diplomacy or military force† (googleRead MoreSummary : European Imperialism Dbq1278 Words   |  6 Pages Courtney Sloan 3/4/13 1st European Imperialism DBQ Part A 1. According to the author, the colonies received benefits from the â€Å"modern progressive nations† such as being able to yield tropical produce, receiving foodstuffs and manufactures they need, and having their territory developed by the addition of roads, railways, canals, and telegraphs. They also have the

Gender Inequality Between Men And Women - 908 Words

In a culture that often uses the terms â€Å"sex† and â€Å"gender† synonymously, it’s important to recognize the difference between the two. In West and Zimmerman’s article, â€Å"Doing Gender,† they make this distinction. Sex is defined as â€Å"biology: anatomy, hormones, and physiology,† and gender is â€Å"an achieved status: that which is constructed through psychological, cultural, and social means† (West and Zimmerman; 125). Michael Kimmel, the author of The Gendered Society and a sociologist at Stony Brook University in New York, further defines gender as â€Å"[referring] to the meanings that are attached to [the differences between men and women] within a culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢gender’ is masculinity and femininity—what it means to be a man or a woman† (Kimmel; 3). In addition to these definitions of gender, gender also serves to express the universal inequalities between men and women in their respective cultures, such as inequalities in power and access to resources. However, both of these understandings of sex and gender perpetuate the idea that individuals are categorized into binary categories. Sex is divided into being biologically male or biologically female, while gender is divided into being a man or a woman. When considering the concepts of sex and gender, another topic that is readily recognized is the concept of sexuality. This concept is often synonymous with the term â€Å"sexual orientation† because as a culture, we understand sexuality by analyzing one’s gender and adherence to genderShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality Between Men And Women1255 Words   |  6 PagesHowever feminism maintains that women are treated in an unfair ways. Social gender roles lead to various forms of inequality and disparity between men and women, which in relation to the socio economic, political and cultural ideologies plays a negative role in girls (Asley 2014) .While some societies, defend gender differences based on their cultural norms and religious beliefs, this tends to restrict women physical and mental space.†Across social classes girls tends to have less physical mobilityRead MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Women1094 Words   |  5 PagesWomen always have to face the g ender equality, in any country. There will always be some problem regarding the topic gender inequality between men and women was socially constructed and has existed for only about 6000 years (page no.293). From thousand years ago, the society characterised by patriarchy. A system in which power is in the hands of men and many aspects of women’s life controlled by men. However, 20th century started to change everything and we saw lots of change even now. Society beganRead MoreGender Inequality Between Women And Men1445 Words   |  6 Pagesacademia, gender may contribute to one’s treatment in secondary and tertiary erudition. Gender plays a role in the inequality between women and men in the educational field resulting in wage gaps, sexual harassment, and underrepresentation. Others claim that these conditions are not based on gender, but on the individual’s circumstances. Throughout this research, women and men alike can grasp a more understanding approach to the differences in treatment in academe. Because inequality results inRead MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Women996 Words   |  4 Pagesvery well. In Source A, States Attack the Pay Gay Between Men and Women by Teresa Wiltz, she writes about her experience at a company and how she is still paid less than a new employee. Source B consists of Laura Finley giving scenarios to back up her opinions on why the gender pay gap is a myth in Differences in Pay Rates Between Men and Women do not Prove the Existence of Gender Inequality. Both sources give valid points about the wage gap The gender wage gap issue is prevalent in many families acrossRead MoreThe Inequality Between Men And Women Based Solely On Gender1025 Words   |  5 Pagesthe inequality between men and women based solely on gender. This dilemma is one that occurs across every continent and has been the subject of many riots, protests, and discussions since the early centuries. Gender inequality can happen in any setting, time, and place. However, gender inequality is highly likely inside the workplace. Many employers discriminate against woman and sometimes then do not even know that what they are saying or doing is considered discrimination. Gender inequality in theRead MoreGender Inequality : An Ordinal Hierarchy Between Men And Women2498 Words   |  10 PagesGender equality has always been a prominent and complex subject in society, ‘a hotly contested concept [as] the precise meaning remains subject to continuous change and, as a result, to political struggle’, (Ridgeway, 2011: P reface). Ridgeway (2011: 3) defines gender inequality as ‘an ordinal hierarchy between men and women in material resources, power, and status’. Despite the considerable progress that has been made over the past decades, ‘a pattern of gender hierarchy has remained in which menRead MoreGender Differences And Gender Inequality1717 Words   |  7 Pages Gender differences and gender inequality are sometimes used interchangeably but do not refer to the same thing. The two concepts are common in gender literature; however, they are not uniform across different cultures based on the degree of conservative attitudes present. The significant differences between sexes and used as arguments against equal rights primarily against women’s rights. Hence, the gender issue has continually been created in light of the standard views or conceptions ofRead MoreGender Inequality Within A Competitive Athletic Workplace870 Words   |  4 PagesDecember 9, 2015 Gender Inequality What are the types of gender inequality in this world? Inequality is when there are two things that are not the same. For example, antonyms, they are when two objects don t have similar qualities. This means there are differences between the two. It can be beneficial or very discriminating. The definition for gender inequality is the unequal treatment, or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. Gender inequality is between the male and femaleRead MoreInequality is a Fact of Life and Yet Condemned as an Offense to Civilized Society1253 Words   |  5 PagesInequality is presumed to be a fact of life and condemned as an offence to civilised society. The debates associated with inequality have changed over time and have been portrayed in different contexts. Inequalities can be distinguished in terms of whether they are inequalities of opportunity, inequalities of outcome, inequalities of access or inequalities in entitlement (Platt 2011). Inequality is also different iated as to whether they are just or unjust, avoidable or unavoidable, or naturally orRead MoreGender Inequality Is The Unequal Treatment Of Someone Based Off Their Gender961 Words   |  4 PagesIn modern society gender inequality is the unequal treatment of someone based off their gender rather than their varying skills, abilities, and characteristics. In our society gender equality can be hard to notice sometimes but in other cases it is very obvious such as pay scale for jobs. Many efforts have been taken in the past to get rid of this unequal gap between genders especially in the modern workplace. It is difficulty for many of us to think about gender inequality especially considering

Literature Review Partitioned Bayesian Analyses

Question: Discuss about the Literature Review for Partitioned Bayesian Analyses. Answer: Introduction In the paper by Ciccarelli, the problems associated with the construction of the phylogenetic tree of life are presented. Although the evolutionary relationships of many organisms have been successfully placed in the tree of life, there have been numerous debates on this issue (Brandley et al., 2005). The author indicates that even after the advent of generation of genomic data through molecular biology techniques, there are increasing debates on the tree of life. These debates are as a result of lack of proper theoretical and practical limits that are set out during the construction of a phylogenetic tree. In other cases, there are concerns on the lack of sufficient characters (Kremp et al., 2014). In the computing resources so as to be able to cope up with increasing number of species. In essence, there can a rise in biasness in terms of sampling of species as well as the dilution of the horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. In figure one, of this article, the process of developing a phylogenetic tree by use of bootstrap is presented. In this figure, the major steps are presented alongside the parts that can be automated (Chao et al., 2014). As a result of evolution which takes place, the construction of a phylogenetic tree involves the collection of data which is representative of the ancestral relationship (Ciccarelli et al., 2006). Then the universal families are identified, followed by the removal of the families that may contain several gene transfers. The next step is to construct the tree by use of concatenated alignment. This step involves the removal of pseudo genes, paralogs and copies of the organelles. The remaining genetic materials are aligned in a way that they cover all the three domains of life. The next step is to perform the detection of any horizontal gene transfers and removing them. In this case, the randomly chosen samples consisting of eight families are subjected to jack knife te sts (Yilmaz et al., 2014). The final step involves the reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree by use maximum likelihood approaches which is aided by use of bootstraps, gamma 4 and the phyml protocols. Bootstrap is the use of the already obtained data to make inferences of uncertain data. This method improves statistics because it pulls on its bootstraps by sampling the input data. In this case, bootstrapping gives an indication on the number of times, out of 100, a certain branch of the phylogenetic tree is observed when the construction of a phylogenetic tree is repeated on a set of resampled data (Schreiber et al., 2014). From the caption, the official title for figure2 is on the global phylogeny of fully sequenced organisms showing the alignment of 31 universal proteins in bacteria, archaea and eukaryote. However, the decoded title from this figure is the representation of the evolutionary relationship of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes on the basis of 31 proteins alignment. The specific questions being answered in the experiment which yielded figure 2 is, how are evolutionary trends determined in bacteria by the use of protein families? The data which was used for the reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree presented in Figure 2 was derived from 31 concarnated genes that occur universally and had undisputable orthologs. From around 91 species whose genomes were already annotated. The 31 genes used are important in transduction and hence were based on the non-translational genes which are domain-specific. In general, from figure 2, it is evident that the proteins used to construct an evolutionary tr ee should be based on protein families that are universally expressed by all species. As the branching of the tree continues, more specific proteins are put into consideration in order to determine the length of the branches which corresponds with the level of relatedness (Ciccarelli et al., 2006).. Moreover, from this figure, it can be noted that when constructing the phylogenetic tree, it is important to ensure that all the three domains of life are considered. Although much information has been presented in these articles, there are some concerns which can be raised. For instance, the accuracy of the phylogenetic tree, the recommended tools for use in bootstrapping and the ways to choose the closely related family problems. These questions can be structured in this manner; how can the accuracy of a phylogenetic tree be determined? What are the recommended tools to be used to generate a phylogenetic tree? What are the recommended methods of choosing the family proteins for use in the construction of a phylogenetic tree? Dagon and Martin calls the tree which was generated by Ciccarelli et al., as the tree of one percent because its construction was based on the assumption that all genes are linked by a single bifurcating tree in terms of evolutionary relatedness (Dagan and Martin, 2006). For instance, since the genome of prokaryotes have about 3,000 genes that code for proteins use of 31 proteins by Ciccarelli et al., indicates that these proteins were representative of only 1 % of the prokaryotic genome, which is not fully representative. Based on the comparison between the prokaryotic proteome and the proteins used, the Ciccarelli et al., tree is thus an insufficient model. The origin of these genes is very important because it offers a clear indication of the nature of the evolutionary relatedness between organisms. The authors of this article argue that the origin of the genes used to construct this tree was based on endosymbiosis. In this case, it is argued that the eukaryotes acquired many gene s from the endosymbionts (Baum and Smith, 2013). The process that Dagan and Martin argue that was neglected by Ciccarelli et al., is the lack of consideration of whether the genes could make a phylogenetic tree. This analysis is important because it gives a biologist an opportunity to study he patterns and level of genetic relatedness of various species. From figure 2 in the article by Ciccarelli et al., it is evident that within each of the levels of taxonomy between the eukaryotes, archaea and bacteria the length of the branches is different. On the other hand, there is a strong discrepancy between the divisions in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (Winter et al., 2013). For instance, there are some animals which have been assigned to make a separation in a certain phylain eukaryotes is able to be classified in the same phyla as in the prokaryotes too. In figure 2 by Dagon and Martin, the symbiotic tree model is similar to Ciccarelli et al., model of evolutionary relationship is the symbiotic tree which proposes that the common ancestor in eukaryotes was from the endosymbiotic process of one prokaryote, say X, in another prokaryote host, say Y (Dagan and Martin, 2006).. this process led to the development of a nucleated eukaryote which gave rise to several other eukaryotes from a common lineage. Although the work by Ciccareli et al was published in a prestigious journal, Science, the immediate criticism by Dogon and Martins, despite the comments given by the reviewers and editors indicate that through intensive research, other researchers determined a gap in construction of a phylogenetic tree. It is the paper by Ciccareli et al which supports the fact that some computer programs assume that the history of life is best depicted by use of a tree. This is true because some of these computer programs use the bootstrap method so as to determine the relatedness of unknown proteins based on the known proteins from various species. The article by Koonin ends the controversy in the initial two articles by indicating that there are numerous gene exchange processes which take place in organisms. In this case, the reliability of phylogenetics becomes an issue of concern because viruses and plasmids re the major agents of horizontal gene transfer. The arguments of Koonin as presented in this article are convincing because when there is increased cases of gene transfers and recombination, then the evolutionary tree of life might not be relevant (Koonin, 2016). However, Koonin advices that endosymbiosis blocks the horizontal gene transfers and thus phylogenies should be used with caution. Reference List Ciccarelli, F.D., Doerks, T., Von Mering, C., Creevey, C.J., Snel, B. and Bork, P., 2006. Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life. science, 311(5765), pp.1283-1287. Koonin, E.V., 2016. Horizontal gene transfer: essentiality and evolvability in prokaryotes, and roles in evolutionary transitions. F1000Research, 5. Dagan, T. and Martin, W., 2006. The tree of one percent. Genome biology, 7(10), p.118. Brandley, M.C., Schmitz, A. and Reeder, T.W., 2005. Partitioned Bayesian analyses, partition choice, and the phylogenetic relationships of scincid lizards. Systematic biology, 54(3), pp.373-390. Kremp, A., Tahvanainen, P., Litaker, W., Krock, B., Suikkanen, S., Leaw, C.P. and Tomas, C., 2014. Phylogenetic relationships, morphological variation, and toxin patterns in the Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) complex: implications for species boundaries and identities. Journal of phycology, 50(1), pp.81-100. Baum, D.A. and Smith, S.D., 2013. Tree thinking: an introduction to phylogenetic biology. Roberts. Yilmaz, P., Parfrey, L.W., Yarza, P., Gerken, J., Pruesse, E., Quast, C., Schweer, T., Peplies, J., Ludwig, W. and Glckner, F.O., 2014. The SILVA and all-species living tree project (LTP) taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic acids research, 42(D1), pp.D643-D648. Winter, M., Devictor, V. and Schweiger, O., 2013. Phylogenetic diversity and nature conservation: where are we?. Trends in Ecology Evolution, 28(4), pp.199-204. Schreiber, F., Patricio, M., Muffato, M., Pignatelli, M. and Bateman, A., 2014. TreeFam v9: a new website, more species and orthology-on-the-fly. Nucleic acids research, 42(D1), pp.D922-D925. Chao, A., Chiu, C.H. and Jost, L., 2014. Unifying species diversity, phylogenetic diversity, functional diversity, and related similarity and differentiation measures through Hill numbers. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 45, pp.297-324.

Discussion on Medication Management-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Medication Management. Answer: Importance of the topic: Medication Management Medication error is a kind of error that causes inappropriate application of medication over the patient, causing potential harm (Fatemah et al. 2013). The medication error is preventable but when it occurs in an emergency department of a hospital, the situation becomes fatal. The medication management lies solely in the hand of the health care professionals and generally deals with the norms, process and the mode of administration of the medicines. The importance of the topic lies in the fact that such management directed towards the medication will cut-short the occurrence of the manual error occurring in the emergency department and thereby reducing the rate of mortality and unwanted deterioration of the patients health condition. The medication management system will promote the development of the proper medication plan, or the routine protocol that needs to be undertaken while providing medication to any patient admitted in an emergency unit and will also encourage proper intera ction between the nurses and the doctors (Patanwala et al. 2012; Moorhead et al. 2014). Audit Standards Maintained The number of nurses with respect to doctors is high along with the increase in the number of non-veterans doctors; amount of medication error is increasing vigorously. The latest data obtained from the Kings Hospital, Singapore states that, majority of the casualties in the emergency unit of the hospitals have occurred because of the medication errors. The medication error statistics shows drastic increase of medication error incidence. 3 cases are reported in 2016 and 10 cases in 2017. Moreover, there are 2 unfortunate Serious Reportable Events (SREs) that have occurred within one-month in year of 2017. Here SRE is defined as adverse event that causes negative effect leading to an unintended harmful impact on the patient, which may or may not have been prevented (MOH 2014). Emergency Department (ED) has a stressful environment with high turnover rate of patient and unpredictable critical events. Such sudden events and work pressure make ED to suffer from high frequency of medicatio n error. The statement holds true across the nation (Vazin, Zamani and Hatam 2014). In promotion of patient safety level, medication safety had long been recognized to be important in the field of healthcare provision (MOH 2006) Based on the escalating medication error incidence in the beginning of 2017; it was predicted the same scenario will prevail for the rest of the year. Given the significance of the current report of MEs in ED, it is very important to develop an audit on the medication administration on all Registered Nurses (RN) in this ED in order to find out their performance and identify the area of improvement. This will help to combat further ME incidence and will enhance the level of patient safety. The nursing audit is an exercise to elucidate whether good nursing practices are followed in a particular health care unit where the nursing audit is being carried out. In Singapore, according to Medication Safety Practice Guide, all healthcare professionals have equal shar e of responsibility to ensure medication safety especially for the nurses. Nurses hold a important position which acts as a last barrier to prevent any medication error happening at the bedside. (MOH 2006) All nurses must abide by the authorized guidelines, standards and evidence based best practices (MOH 2006). Figure: Medication Error Statistics (Kings Hospital, Singapore for the year of 2016-2017) Each medical nurse or midwifery specialist is relied upon to create and keep up skill with respect to all parts of medicine administration, guaranteeing that her/his insight, aptitudes and clinical practice are breakthrough. The pharmaceutical administration requires the nurse/midwife to be responsible in managing the medicinal management for the patient/benefit client, the general population. The nurses must adopt the administration of the best medicine after the authorized standards are being made. The audit standards that the nurses/midwives can adopt are the The nurses should be aware of the legal and professional responsibilities The nurses must have access to the medicines in need of the patient need and there will be support of the local systems The nurses must be aware of the actions and omissions of the role of the nurses in administering a prescribed medicine They must actively follow the transcription as mentioned by the visiting doctor They will have to follow the administration and frequently monitor the desired effect of the drug and make review The nurses should have an understanding for the drug prescription and the potential side effects. They must be efficient enough to identify, intervene and report the adverse conditions They should understand the purpose of the medicines that is been registered. The nurses must seek all the information in a written form prior to the audit study The audit can be done if the nurses know the potential benefits and the misuse of the drugs which is being administered to the patient The nurses must adhere with the requirements of the Misuse of Drugs act and regulations to follow a strict regime in the audit They must be well aware of the factors that are involved in the medicinal errors like right of the patient, mode of administration of the prescribed drug, the time of cyclic administration of the medicine in a routine base and route of administration Nurses must be aware of the special care regime need to be undertaken during the intravenous administration of the drugs and these include the duration of administration, the ratio of dilution, the drug compatibility and the speed to administration or transfusion through the veins (Gardner, Gardner and O'connell 2014) Audit Questions The 5 specific audit questions, solely directed towards the concept of the medication management which the nurses are requirement to fill at the time of medicine administration are Does the hospital have a medicines policy that is practiced in the hospital? Are the medicines kept safe in the hospital? Are medicines requiring refrigeration stored in a separate refrigerator? Are refrigerated medicines properly labeled to indicate storage requirements? Are dosage instructions clear and is the medication administration record completed correctly? Audit Setup The audit was done at emergency department of the Kings hospital Singapore. It is a multidisciplinary hospital. Population and Sampling All the nurses of the emergency unit of the Kings hospital in Singapore will be involved in the audit. The exact population who will be examined are the 150 registered nurses. The number of samples who are actually being audited are 150 veteran nurses of the emergency unit Introduction Medication management can be regarded as the principal responsibility of a nurse in any health care setting (Health Information and Quality Authority (HIQA) 2009). It is a complex process, which involves several steps like prescribing proper medicines, ordering the medicines, dispensing the used vials and syringes, supplying the medicines to the wards, then finally administering the drug, and storing via proper refrigeration (Dilles et al. 2012). Research suggests that error in any phase of the medication cycle, adversely effects the patients physical safety, which is comes under the highest priority in the nursing practice (Weaver et al. 20013). Moreover, adverse drug events are common in the emergency unit of the hospitals and hospital residents are more susceptible to such threats because of high occurrence of polypharmacy and change in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics varies with age and have a huge influence over the durg interactio ns and associated side-effects (Dilles et al. 2012, p.172). In the nursing practice, the nurses are religiously trained to preach the five basic rights of medication administration. The 5 rights are include, the right of medication, right dose, right route, right time and right patient. However, evidence indicates that majority of the nurse fail to preach these five basic rights. Therefore, additional strategies are required to be implemented in order to negate the chances of the medication errors. This additional strategy comes in the form of nursing audit. The objectives of this audit were: The aim of this project is to implement best practices prevalent in medication management in the emergency unit of the hospital. The principal objectives are to reduce the overall rate of occurrence of the medication errors or the chances of adverse drug events through incident reporting and adherence to the medication administration via following safety guidelines. The additional objectives of this dissertation are to promote the overall safety quotient of the residents via complying the professional and national standards of nursing on the medication management. Rationale Medical Audits Technology Systems have designed an audit system to promote the improvement of the operation of the medication safety in the clinical areas. It also ensures compliance with legislation and thereby improves medication management to prevent patient harm (McBane et al. 2015). The importance of the medication management lies in the fact that it promotes proper monitoring of the medicines that are going to be administered to the patients. It also evade the chances of the unsafe medication communications with over-the-counter medications or different cross-reactivity of the pharmaceuticals. This is particularly imperative for those taking extensive quantities of drugs to address interminable ailments and different maladies, which is more predominant among seniors (Wager, Lee and Glaser 2017). The Health (Nursing Homes) (Amendment) Act (Health Act) (2007) states that all the suppliers and the social care administrations (private and government hospitals), need to enlist with HIQA and need to claim that they attempt to observe controlled exercises as characterized in the Act. Numerous proposals were made to guarantee that the supplier/individual in control (nurture director/pioneer) conform to the Health Act 2007 and National Quality Standards for Residential Care Settings for Older People before they get officially enrolled. These suggestions can only be implemented by the change in structure and frameworks of the association (Smith, Bates and Bodenheimer 2013). Background Drug administration in nursing is extensively characterized. It deals with the protected and successful utilization of the remedy and over-the-counter restorative items. The nurses and midwives are the most important members in solution administration and add to persistent/benefit client mind. Pharmaceutical administration is a complete mediation, which includes the learning of trained nurses and the exercises that are performed to help the patient/benefit client in accomplishing the best advantage and best results including drugs. The duties of pharmaceutical administration fuse the appraisal, arranging, execution and assessment of the nurses (Sousa et al. 2017). The Medication Management Plan (MMP) of Singapore furnishes wellbeing specialist co-ops with a standard frame that can be utilized by nurses and the associated wellbeing staff to enhance the exactness of data recorded on confirmation and accessible to the clinician in charge of restorative basic leadership (Westbrook et al. 2015). Standard recording of the prescriptions taken preceding introduction at the hospital and accommodating of patients' pharmaceuticals on affirmation, intra-doctor's facility exchange and at release is viewed as fundamental for the medicine compromise process. The MMP gives an appropriate paper frame to this reason. The MMP shape was intended for use in minor and grown-up patients (Walker and Colledge 2013). Audit purpose Assessing and monitoring the quality of service provisions To provide the evidence of competence Preventing and reducing errors Demonstrating accountability Developing and training staffs Methods Standards The audit standards will be created on the basis of the emergency department of the organization. The audit survey will be conducted at the emergency department of the multidisciplinary hospital in Singapore, Kings Hospital. Setting The audit will be done in the emergency ward of the department of multidisciplinary hospital, Kings hospital Singapore. Population The population required in this will be 150 registered nurses in the emergency unit out of 150 total nurses. Data collection The data was collected by distributing the questionnaire among the nurses who are attending patients in the emergency unit. The nurses only after having the proper knowledge about the patient and the medicines are asked to fill the questionnaire in Yes or No format while administering the medicine to the patient. A planned investigation includes the accumulation of the information related to pharmaceutical information. Audit examination is finished utilizing graph audits or other information sources to survey pharmaceutical use as indicated by pointers and criteria arranged ahead of time (Billingham, Whitehead and Julious 2013). The benefit of a forthcoming survey is that the drug specialist (or other commentator) can mediate at the time the solution is apportioned to counteract blunders in, for instance, dose, signs, or cooperation. Audit assessment, may include a greater amount of the analyst's opportunity or expect access to medicinal records, is best expert when the commentator has time far from the patient care zones and diversions. Commonly, solution related criteria that are explored in these sorts of assessments are as per the following Prospective studies (obtained from prescription records) (Herrett et al. 2015) Indication of the dosage Dose of the drug per body mass and age Duration of therapy and degree of toxicity Dosage form and route of administration Potential medicine interactions or drug cross-reactivity Appropriate therapy and medicine selection Therapeutic duplication Contraindications in medication with drug allergy and age Quantity dispensed Retrospective studies (obtained from prescription, medical records, and laboratory records) (Aiken et al. 2014) Proper Laboratory monitoring Monitoring of the therapeutic use of high-cost medicines ADRs to medications Correct use of generic or therapeutic equivalents Patient outcomes from pharmaceutical therapy Collection of the information is performed by auditing an appropriate example of outlines or solution records from the human services office, for the most part by chose drug store faculty. At any rate, 50 to 75 records ought to be explored at every human services office. The bigger the office and the more experts, who are accessible, the bigger the level of records that would should be looked into and broke down (Bronzino 2014). Data collection Table Response Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N 1. Is the patients name in the medication chart legible? 2. Has the Date of Birth of the patient been enlisted in the medication chart? 3. Is the Allergy status clearly marked on the medication chart? 4. Is the authorised doctors signature present on all medication orders? 5. Is the date of order written by the nurses on all medications orders provided the doctor? 6. Are all the medication orders clear and legible? 7. Are the medication orders has the clear indication of the patient name? 8. Are the medications orders clearly stating the route of administration of the drug? 9. Are the medications orders clearly stating the tenure or the time of medicine administration 9in case of intravenous or intramuscular or subcutaneous? 10. Are there any medicines for which the administrations have been ceased in the last 7 days? If yes has the chart been signed and dated to indicate the cessation date? Are the unused medicines returned to the pharmacy for repacking? Are the bottles or the packs of the ceased medicines removed from the patients drug trolley? 11. Are the required authorised signatures present on all the medication charts? 12. If medication refused or withheld has been recorded appropriately with proper reasons? 13. Have all the refused or withheld medicines (more than 7 consecutive doses) been referred back to the doctors for proper audit? 14. Has the pharmacy dispensed adequate stock of medicines prescribed in order to ensure that the doses are never missed under any circumstances? 15. Is the patients current photo attached at the front of the medication chart for instant identification? 16. Is the temperature of the drug storage refrigerator been strictly monitored or maintained? 17. Have all the opened eye drops or nose drops been marked with the date of seal opening date? Key Elements Standards Audit questions Patient Information Easily accessible and readily available demographics and clinical data (age, diagnosis, allergies status) via electronic system. This will ensure that the correct drug is administered to the correct patient Demographic data and medication profile such as patient identity and allergy status must be updated regularly 1. Do nurses apply barcode name bracelets and coloured allergy bracelets to every patient? (YES/NO) 1. Do nurses identify the correct patient and IC number before serving medication? (YES/NO) Drug Information To maintain an up-to-date drug knowledge among the nurses through readily accessible online references, protocols, and computerized drug information systems. All nurses must know where to look for the online up-to-date drug information resources 1. Do nurses know where to access online drug information resources? (YES/NO) Drug labeling, packing, and nomenclature To facilitate proper identification of drugs and to prevent medication error from sound alike or look alike drugs name All post filled syringes medication must be labeled with the name and strength of the medication 1. Do nurses label all post-filled syringes medication with the name and strength? (YES/NO) Staff competency and Education Staff education plays a vital role in the medication error prevention such as baseline competencies and knowledge about medications, non-formulary medication and High Alert Medication (HAM). All nurses must know the safe use and proper storage of the medications within the hospital. 1. Do nurses know the safe use and storage of medications within the hospital? (YES/NO) Table: The table represents the basis of the audit question framed (Source: Created by author) Ethical consideration In case of conducting a research, the researcher is required to strictly follow the ethical guidelines that comes under the Data Protection Act. The ethical principles along with the guidance help the researcher to conduct the research successfully. In order to carry forward the research, the researcher is required to take consent from the participants. The participants who are not interested in survey shall never be forced or compelled. Apart from taking the consent, the research needs to be quite aware about the biased factor, which is quite common in survey. Proper screening of the biasness will help in generation of the standard data, minus the false positive results. However, manipulation is not the way out for standard results and must be avoided on highest priority. Moreover, the collected data must be protected as per the privacy guidelines. The data collected was primary data and hence again privacy comes into consideration and should not be used or cited in other related wo rks. While designing the survey questionnaire, it was kept in mind that the it does not contain any personal questions that can hurt the emotion and feelings of the participants. Furthermore, for successful completion of the survey, the researcher needs to collect information from some of the most authentic resources while conveying the purpose of the survey to the participants. Now this will subsequently will make the participants more cautious and to deliver their views properly. In order to conduct this nursing audit, the researcher obtained an ethical approval. 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